In which scenario may a private pilot carry a passenger who is impaired?

A private pilot may carry a passenger who is impaired in an emergency situation. In aviation, an emergency is defined as any situation that poses a threat to life, health, or property that requires immediate action. If a pilot finds themselves in a critical situation where the safety of the aircraft or its occupants is at risk, they may prioritize response to that emergency above the condition of their passengers.

In such cases, the definition of an emergency permits a private pilot to make decisions that may not align with standard regulations under normal circumstances. It is recognized that the urgency to address an emergency can necessitate actions that wouldn't typically be acceptable outside of such situations. This approach ensures that safety remains paramount and allows the pilot to focus on resolving the emergency at hand.

The other scenarios mentioned do not support the carrying of an impaired passenger under standard operating procedures. Training flights and unforeseen circumstances should always adhere to strict regulations, and a proper briefing does not alter the risk associated with carrying an impaired passenger. Therefore, only in an emergency can a pilot justifiably carry an impaired passenger while prioritizing the safety and integrity of the flight.